EDIT: this is a full benchmark I run on my pool: https://gist.github.com/thegabriele97/9d82ddfbf0f4ec00dbcebc4d6cda29b3.

Hi! I ran into this issue since I started mu homelab adventure a couple of months ago, so I am still very noob, sorry for this.

I decided today to understand what happens and why it happens but I need your help to understand it better.

My homelab consists of a proxmox setup with three 1 TB HDD s in raidz1 (ZFS) (I know the downsides of this and I took my decisions) and 8 GB of RAM, of which 3.5 are assigned to a VM. The remaining parts are used by some LXC containers.

During high worloads (i.e. copying a file, downloading something via torrent/jdownloader) everything is very slow and other services start to be unresponsive due to the high IO delay.

I decided to test the three single devices with this command: fio --ioengine=libaio --filename=/dev/sda --size=4G --time_based --name=fio --group_reporting --runtime=10 --direct=1 --sync=1 --iodepth=1 --rw=randread --bs=4k --numjobs=32

And more or less they (sda, sdb, sdc) give this results:

Jobs: 32 (f=32): [r(32)][100.0%][r=436KiB/s][r=109 IOPS][eta 00m:00s]
fio: (groupid=0, jobs=32): err= 0: pid=3350293: Sat Jun 24 11:07:02 2023
  read: IOPS=119, BW=479KiB/s (490kB/s)(4968KiB/10378msec)
    slat (nsec): min=4410, max=40660, avg=12374.56, stdev=5066.56
    clat (msec): min=17, max=780, avg=260.78, stdev=132.27
     lat (msec): min=17, max=780, avg=260.79, stdev=132.27
    clat percentiles (msec):
     |  1.00th=[   26],  5.00th=[   50], 10.00th=[   80], 20.00th=[  140],
     | 30.00th=[  188], 40.00th=[  230], 50.00th=[  264], 60.00th=[  296],
     | 70.00th=[  326], 80.00th=[  372], 90.00th=[  430], 95.00th=[  477],
     | 99.00th=[  617], 99.50th=[  634], 99.90th=[  768], 99.95th=[  785],
     | 99.99th=[  785]
   bw (  KiB/s): min=  256, max=  904, per=100.00%, avg=484.71, stdev= 6.17, samples=639
   iops        : min=   64, max=  226, avg=121.14, stdev= 1.54, samples=639
  lat (msec)   : 20=0.32%, 50=4.91%, 100=8.13%, 250=32.85%, 500=49.68%
  lat (msec)   : 750=3.86%, 1000=0.24%
  cpu          : usr=0.01%, sys=0.00%, ctx=1246, majf=11, minf=562
  IO depths    : 1=100.0%, 2=0.0%, 4=0.0%, 8=0.0%, 16=0.0%, 32=0.0%, >=64=0.0%
     submit    : 0=0.0%, 4=100.0%, 8=0.0%, 16=0.0%, 32=0.0%, 64=0.0%, >=64=0.0%
     complete  : 0=0.0%, 4=100.0%, 8=0.0%, 16=0.0%, 32=0.0%, 64=0.0%, >=64=0.0%
     issued rwts: total=1242,0,0,0 short=0,0,0,0 dropped=0,0,0,0
     latency   : target=0, window=0, percentile=100.00%, depth=1

Run status group 0 (all jobs):
   READ: bw=479KiB/s (490kB/s), 479KiB/s-479KiB/s (490kB/s-490kB/s), io=4968KiB (5087kB), run=10378-10378msec

Disk stats (read/write):
  sda: ios=1470/89, merge=6/7, ticks=385624/14369, in_queue=405546, util=96.66%

Am I wrong or it is a very bad results? Why? The three identical HDs are this one: https://smarthdd.com/database/APPLE-HDD-HTS541010A9E662/JA0AB560/

I jope you can help me. Thank you!