For people who don’t want to listen to the podcast, I listened through and took notes while I listened through. This is the newest War on the Rocks interview with Michael Kofman.

• Ukranian forces made notable progress around Bakhmut over last two weeks.

• Further south, Ukranian forces made incremental progress, tried renewed push last few days around Verbove. Held by Russian Airborne, 76th Guards Air Assault Division. This is breach of second Russian line rather than a breakthrough; Ukrainian forces are not yet able to exploit the penetration. Russian forces being pushed back, but not collapsing at current moment.

• Q: What will we see when there is a breakthrough? A: When Ukrainian forces can move significant numbers of vehicles through gap without much Russian resistance and significant Russian retreats.

• Q: When do we say whether-or-not the offensive is a success or not? When would it be considered over. A: Offensives, for political reasons, are rarely declared over; they may peter out, but rarely are declared over. Ukraine may continue offensive into or through winter. The maximal goal would have been to reach the coast and secure Mariupol, sever Russian ground lines of communication. Minimal goals as stated by commander of offensive, Tarnovsky, is to get to Tokmak. Kofman thinks that if Ukrainian forces get to Tokmak, that could reasonably be considered a success for the offensive – a qualified success, but a success nonetheless. That being said, offensive has been making progress through prepared defenses – if slow – and has been seeing more Russian attrition than Ukrainian, which is unusual for offensives. Around November timeframe, Ukrainian military will probably aim to maintain initiative and keep pressure on Russian military through winter. Not sure about manpower availability, but impression is that ammunition is available.

• Q: What are factors that will determine success of offensive? A: Force availability and availability of ammunition. Unlike Ukrainian forces at Bakhmut, forces on southern axis do have enough available force to be able to do limited rotations off the line. Need to keep in mind, though, that only portion of available forces are capable of performing assaults. Ammunition situation seems okay to Kofman. Weather also matters. Typically drier in south for longer, so it may be that weather may stay drier for longer. Ukraine mostly using dismounted infantry attacks, which are less-affected by mud, but not possible to achieve a breakthrough and exploit it without having vehicles available at front. If Ukrainian forces want to be able to exploit a penetration, turn it into a breakthrough, they will need the ability to have motorized logistics and push armored fighting vehicles through. Otherwise, will be long and slow slog.

• Q: Tell us about Zelenskyy’s visit in Washington. A: I’m not involved in visit. Was about getting approval for supplemental spending package for Ukraine. For people who hoped that this particular offensive will put Ukraine in a position to quickly negotiate from a position of strength, seems unlikely; going to be longer war. Now clear that Ukraine will need support for an extended period of time; won’t be able to wrap up support any time soon. Need to focus on sustainability of conflict. Ukraine probably going to focus on keeping pressure on Russia for renewed offensive in spring.

• Q: Tell us about strikes on Russian headquarters. A: Two campaigns. First, ongoing campaign by Budanov to bring war to Russian homeland. Part is targeting critical infrastructure, defense industrial output, headquarters, airfields, degrading myth of Russian power and status, encourage Russian elites to want to end war. Kofman sees value to this. Second campaign by Ukrainian general staff, using cruise missiles, against submarine, Russian Black Sea Fleet headquarters, Crimean targets. Aim to get Russia to pull out to Novorossiysk. To some extent, successful. Western intel helps with targeting. Two different campaigns by different parts of Ukrainian state, though mutually-supporting.

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